What is Evaporation, its process, & methods of estimation

Evaporation: Evaporation is the process by which water gets converted from liquid to vapor. Evaporation occurs below the boiling point of the liquid. In an enclosed environment, a liquid will evaporate till the surrounding air gets saturated. The rate of Evaporation depends on various factors as follows. Estimation Methods Of Evaporation: Evaporation can be measured … Read more

Concrete Mix Design Calculation for M20, M25, M30 Concrete

Concrete Mix Design Calculation for M20, M25, M30 Concrete

Concrete Mix Design is the procedure of selecting suitable proportions of cement, sand, and aggregates for concrete to achieve the desired strength in structures. In the Concrete Mix Design process each and every ingredient of concrete is tested in the laboratory. The Mix Design process is normally implemented for the structure that needs higher grades … Read more

What is a Retaining Wall? Its Types and Causes of Failure

What is Retaining Wall? A retaining wall is a structural wall that is designed and constructed to resist the lateral pressure of soil. Lateral pressure can occur due to earth filling, liquid pressure, sand, and other granular materials behind the retaining wall. In other words, A retaining wall is a structure that retains material behind … Read more

Darcy Weisbach Equation Derivation For Head Loss In The Pipe

Introduction Of Darcy Weisbach Equation Darcy Weisbach Equation is an empirical equation in fluid mechanics named upon Henry Darcy and Julius Weisbach. The Darcy Weisbach Equation associates the loss of pressure or head loss due to friction along the given length of pipe to the average velocity of the fluid flow for an incompressible fluid. To … Read more

Honeycomb In Concrete – Causes, Effects And Prevention

What Is Honeycomb In Concrete? Honeycomb define as rough, pitted surfaces or voids in concrete resulting from the incomplete filling of the concrete against the Formwork. The surface looks very rough with a void and gap between concrete and reinforcement. It resembles the Honeycomb. Honeycomb is a very serious problem that not only decreases the … Read more

What is Perfect, Imperfect, and Redundant Truss?

In this article, we will describe the perfect truss, imperfect or deficient truss, and redundant truss. First, let’s know what is Truss. A Truss is a structure consisting of straight Slender Rods connected only at their joint. Slender Rod – If the diameter of rods is smaller compared to its length then this type of rod … Read more

Working Stress, Ultimate Load, And Limit State Methods?

Structure design method

Methods Of Structural Design Structural design can be accomplished using three primary methods: working stress, limit state, and ultimate load. Initially, the working stress method was utilized for designing both Reinforced Concrete and Steel structures. However, due to certain drawbacks of the working stress method, the Ultimate Load method was introduced. In recent times, most … Read more